Posted on: Tuesday, November 2, 2004
Organ donors on Net provoke many questions
By Robert Davis
USA Today
The nation's organ transplant officials are scrambling to try to develop rules to guide surgeons and hospitals coping with a new twist: organ donors and recipients who find each other on the Internet.
Two men who met on an organ-matching Internet site — MatchingDonors.com — are recovering this week from kidney operations Wednesday in Denver. But the medical establishment is still weak in the knees.
Allowing people to match their own organs online could exploit vulnerable people, subvert the equitable allocation of organs, and undermine the public's trust, says the United Network for Organ Sharing, which oversees the process of distributing organs from deceased donors. Officials from UNOS are working to come up with a new set of rules that doctors can follow when a would-be organ recipient comes into the hospital with an organ donor found online.
"It's not a bad thing, but it's a questionable thing," says Arthur Caplan, a medical ethicist at the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania Health System. "It's questionable because the people you encounter and the people you are going to be matched with may not be people who are telling the truth. The Internet is not the place for honesty in getting a mate, getting a loan and probably getting a kidney."
But people needing kidneys are desperate.
The number of people waiting for a kidney transplant has doubled in the past 10 years. On Sunday, there were 60,029 people hoping to get an organ to replace one of their body's toxin filters, damaged by diabetes, high blood pressure or other diseases.
But those people know that organs from deceased donors are too scarce to meet the national need. Increasingly, they are turning to family, friends and strangers who are willing to give up one of their two healthy kidneys. Last year, 15,137 people got a kidney transplant, and 40 percent of those organs came from living donors.
The clinical ethics committee at Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center in Denver decided last week there was nothing wrong with a match being made on the Internet.
"If crafted carefully, this will allow them to be matched with people who need those organs," says Reginald Washington, chairman of the ethics committee. "This is another tool. If properly used, it could be a very helpful tool."
An ongoing concern is that people could start buying and selling organs, an illegal practice that could go on in secret.
The ethics committee sought signed promises from both donor and recipient that no money was paid for the organ. But Bob Hickey, 58, of Edwards, Colo., was allowed to pay about $4,500 for travel expenses and lost wages for Bob Smitty, 32, of Chattanooga, Tenn., and his family to fly to Colorado for the surgery and recovery.
But Caplan worries that the match made on the Internet does not allow the donor enough medical support to consider fully the risks — including death — before making a decision.
Smitty, a food-service worker, had already decided to give a kidney to someone in need when he found Hickey's plea on the Internet.
"I was just in that frame of mind when I read about his situation," he said in a statement released by the MatchingDonors.com Web site.
And Hickey said in the same statement that he was happy to pay about $300 for the volunteers at the nonprofit Web site to help sell him as a good recipient.
"I don't have any shame about saying it's advertising," he says. "If we go on a list managed by the transplant center and the government, we don't have anything we can do. We just sit there waiting for someone to die."
Some health officials worry that allowing those with financial means to sidestep the system will cause further disparity in an already fractured health system.
But Washington says having a way to get around the current system, which studies have shown already has racial and financial disparities, could help those populations. Now, people who need a kidney may go to a church group or a circle of friends and family and ask for volunteers to donate.
The odds of a biological match are small in such a small pool of people. So instead of asking for a kidney, for instance, a sick person might ask family and friends for money to post their pitch to a wider audience on the Internet.
Whether MatchingDonors.com is a niche that fades away like so many once-hot Internet sites or whether it saves thousands of lives in the future, nobody knows.
"We encourage the ethical community to consider this as an issue," Washington says. "It is now on the table."
