Posted on: Saturday, November 13, 2004
Shinto struggles to find modern role
| • | Chart: Ancient religion searches for its roots |
By Eric Talmadge
Associated Press
ISE, Japan — The steady crowds cross an arched bridge and follow a pebbled path into a forest of towering cypress trees, bowing before a simple gate that stands between them and the holiest place in Japan — the inner sanctuary of the Grand Shrines of Ise.
Shizuo Kambayashi • Associated Press The masses who come to this city on Japan's central coast once would have been called pilgrims. Today, they are mostly just tourists. They offer quick prayers, buy a pocket-sized charm or two and head off to their next destination.
Such is the heart of Shinto, Japan's native religion. As old perhaps as Japan itself, Shinto is a rich mixture of folklore, reverence for all things natural and the Japanese nation itself.
But to say one believes in Shinto has become almost meaningless: For most Japanese, the worshipping side of Shinto is relegated to a small cadre of priests and their helpers, most of whom inherited their jobs from ancestors. The Japanese today "practice" Shinto by making wishes at the local shrine, or enjoying its autumn festivals.
As recently as World War II, a special brand of state-sanctioned Shinto was the ideological foundation upon which Japan's emperor-worshipping military machine was built. Its treatment of the Japanese people as unique and divine, its emphasis on harmony and its deep-seated fear of impurity continue to be an integral — albeit not always conscious — part of the national psyche.
ORIGINS — Unclear. Many key beliefs are contained in a history of the nation believed to date to the year 712. The work, called the "Kojiki," describes how gods created the universe out of chaos, and explains how two of them then fashioned and peopled the Japanese islands. Shinto also incorporates a wealth of local folk tales and traditions that reach back into prehistory. BELIEFS — Shinto has a huge pantheon. Dead ancestors are counted among its gods, as are many aspects of nature, from the wind to major mountains. Other tenets of Shinto include the belief that the imperial family is directly related to the sun goddess, though that belief has been de-emphasized since the end of World War II. Largely because of its long coexistence with the more complex religion of Buddhism, Shinto has developed little in the way of an organized theology and instead focuses more on its rich body of folk tales and customs. TODAY — There are roughly 80,000 shrines in Japan that belong to the Association of Shinto Shrines; they form the Shinto mainstream. The association recognizes about 20,000 priests, who are trained mainly at two universities, one in Tokyo and the other near the Grand Shrines of Ise. Millions of Japanese visit shrines during the New Year holidays, offering prayers and buying lucky charms. Annual festivals at shrines also often draw huge crowds, and Shinto priests are generally called in for such rituals as groundbreaking ceremonies and weddings. Otherwise, however, most Japanese pay little attention to Shinto in their daily lives. Takashizu Sato comes from a long line of Shinto priests.
"My father, my grandfather, my great-grandfather — all the way back to feudal times," he said.
Sato went to work for a big company after college. But deciding he needed something more spiritual, he quit, studied prayers and rituals for a year, and took up duties at a shrine in the ancient city of Nara. He is now with the Association of Shinto Shrines, to which virtually all Shinto organizations and their 21,000 priests belong.
Like many priests, he hesitates to call Shinto a religion.
"Shinto has no scripture and no founder," Sato said from the association's headquarters in downtown Tokyo. "In that sense, we are very different from the major religions of the world."
But Shinto has no dearth of gods. Its pantheon is poetically said to have 8 million deities, from Amaterasu no Omikami (the sun goddess) to Konohana Sakuya Hime (the goddess of Mount Fuji). That's just a start — all dead ancestors are believed to assume a godlike status.
Along with reverence for the dead and the worship of nature, Shinto is built around a complex body of folklore, the most famous of which explain how Japan's imperial family descended from the sun goddess. Dispelling evil and appeasing the gods are also crucial aspects of Shinto .
Priests don't normally give sermons and congregations don't gather every Sunday or Friday to pray. But Shinto has a strong communal side.
Shrine festivals are big events nationwide. Tens of millions of Japanese visit their local shrines on the first three days of each year. And the country's more than 80,000 shrines — not all have a resident priest — serve as informal neighborhood meeting places, or places for children to play.
"It's difficult to pin down, but there is something about Shinto that is very fundamental to the Japanese mentality," Sato said.
Even so, the ties between Shinto — the faith — and the average Japanese are weakening.
The tight-knit communities that once kept local shrines alive are unraveling. Many young people at festivals have little interest in the religion behind the fun. The small Shinto altars that were once a common household feature are gradually disappearing.
"We still look Japanese, but inside we are forgetting what that means," Sato said. "It's our responsibility to try to revive what makes us Japanese."
Before World War II ended in 1945, shaping the Japanese soul was one of Shinto's official roles.
It was the only government-sanctioned religion, used to rally the nation behind modernization and then militarization. Under State Shinto, the divinity of the emperor and the special place of the Japanese people became official dogma.
At the behest of the U.S.-led occupation forces after the war, however, Emperor Hirohito publicly renounced the idea he was a living god. A new constitution was enacted that ensured freedom of religion and the separation of church and state.
These days, Shinto pamphlets intended for foreign audiences stress the faith's respect for the environment — yet Shinto's basic tenets still haven't changed much.
The coronation of Hirohito's son, Emperor Akihito, climaxed in 1990 with an ancient ceremony in which the monarch is believed to commune with the sun goddess, from whom the Shinto establishment still claims he is a direct descendant.
Though built over a spot believed to pulsate with the power of the sun goddess, the shrine is weather-beaten and unassuming. It is made entirely of wood, except for a touch of golden gilding on the beams atop its crest. The roof is thatched and covered with patches of moss.
Visitors climb the stone steps before worshipping the Shinto gods at a simple gate that stands between them and the holiest place in Japan in the inner sanctuary of the Grand Shrines of Ise. MAP
But stripped of its official status and tarnished by the excesses of militarism, Shinto is struggling to find a place in postwar Japan.
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