"We have a surprisingly tight market that refuses to crack," said Art Smith, chief executive of the energy research and consulting firm John S. Herold and a firm believer that the world has entered "the end of the cheap oil age."

Smith and others believe higher-than-usual prices are needed to moderate consumer and industrial demand and to spur enough new drilling to give oil markets a bigger supply cushion.

There are signs this is beginning to happen on the supply side, fueled in part by the combined $18.8 billion third-quarter profits of the world's four largest publicly traded oil companies — Exxon Mobil Corp., ChevronTexaco Corp., BP Plc and Royal Dutch/Shell Group — that are 80 percent higher than a year ago.

At the same time, the industry's extraordinary gains are putting a dent in the finances of families and businesses. American consumers are expected to pay $40 billion more this year just to heat their homes and fuel their cars and trucks.

As for corporate America, perhaps no other sector has been hit as hard as the airline industry. The seven largest U.S. carriers reported more than Expect high fuel prices for a whil$1.3 billion in combined net losses for the third quarter as soaring jet fuel bills undermined carriers' best efforts to reduce expenses.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and Saudi Arabia in particular, has the ability to fortify world oil supplies much more substantially than privately owned companies, but analysts said this creates a dilemma for the cartel.

"I don't see any interest on their part to rebuild any cushion," said Roger Diwan, managing director of markets at the Washington-based consultancy PFC Energy. "Why would they invest in more (oil production) capacity that they're not going to be using when that will destroy the value of the capacity they are using?"

Total industry spending on finding and drilling oil wells is expected to rise by 10 percent to 20 percent next year, an extra investment of $25 billion to $50 billion by private and state-owned petroleum companies, according to estimates from several analysts.

Analysts expect the bulk of that investment to be in non-OPEC countries in Latin America, the former Soviet Union and Africa, both onshore and offshore, while any rise in excess capacity will primarily come from Saudi Arabia.

Yet output — the actual number of barrels produced — is likely to grow only slightly faster than demand, at least in the near-term, leaving global supplies uncomfortably low.

In 2004, the challenge of satisfying the world's oil thirst has been made difficult by the surprisingly rapid rise in demand, particularly in China. It has been heightened by the war in Iraq, hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and petro-politics in Russia.

Together these factors have produced both genuine and hyped-up fears on energy markets, driving crude futures prices to a record close of $55.17 per barrel last week on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The price of oil, which settled yesterday at $51.76 per barrel, would need to surpass $90 per barrel to approximate the all-time high, in inflation-adjusted terms, set in 1980.

Daily demand surged this year by about 2.8 million barrels to 82.4 million barrels, leaving only 1 million barrels a day of excess available production. That's anywhere from one-third to one-fifth of the buffer the industry had been accustomed to over the prior decade. And the Paris-based International Energy Agency estimates daily demand will rise next year by 1.5 million barrels — roughly the amount by which analysts expect non-OPEC production to grow.

What is less clear, analysts said, is how much will be added to the market by OPEC, which currently has the capacity to produce slightly more than 31 million barrels of oil per day, according to Cambridge Energy Research Associates in Cambridge, Mass.

CERA global oil director Jim Burkhard said it could take until the end of 2006 to get back to a typical level of excess production capacity of 3 million to 5 million barrels per day. Other analysts said it could take another year or so.