It was already known that quasars, which are among the most powerful objects in the universe, lie at the centers of giant galaxies and consist of a massive black hole surrounded by a vortex of gas. Before the gas falls into the black hole, it spins faster and faster, and its temperature rises until it is hot enough to radiate up to a trillion times the power from the Sun.

The question that graduate student Hai Fu and astronomer Alan Stockton tried to answer is, "Where is the gas coming from?"

To answer the question, Fu and Stockton used a telescope-mounted spectroscope to find out what the gas is made of. "We found that the gas that is spiraling into the black hole is almost pure hydrogen and helium, whereas the stars and other material in the surrounding giant galaxy are heavily contaminated by other elements such as carbon and oxygen," said Fu.

This difference implies that the in-falling gas has recently come from outside the galaxy, most likely from another galaxy that is merging with the giant one. Fu and Stockton also see a chaotic distribution of fast-moving patches of relatively pure hydrogen and helium scattered around the quasar, implying that black holes not only swallow things, but can also expel a large portion of their meal out to thousands of light-years away, likely through an energetic blast that happened millions of years ago.