Q. In your last column, you mentioned 'olena. Isn't that also used for inflammation?

A. 'Olena, or turmeric (Curcuma longa), has long been used in Hawaiian la'au lapa'au and Asian medicine to treat inflammation and arthritic pain. Curcumin, the active ingredient, is found primarily in the root of the plant. Laboratory and animal research has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, however, quality research in humans has yet to be done.

Inflammation can be either friend or foe. On the one hand, inflammation is the natural response of a healthy system to injury and infection. Without the ability to mount an inflammatory reaction, the body would not be able to form scar tissue or heal.

On the other hand, inflammation may be the result of an unbalanced, sedentary lifestyle and poor diet. Hawai'i's favorite plate lunches, a sedentary lifestyle and stress, such as economic or emotional worries, are a recipe for disaster. Excess inflammation can result in joint pain, stiffness and fatigue, and may slow down the conduction of electrical impulses along the nerves, impairing mental agility. Inflammation, combined with high cholesterol, can accelerate the development of atherosclerotic plaques, which leads to heart attacks — the leading cause of death in the United States.

Numerous over-the-counter and prescription medicines, such as naproxen sodium (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), are quite powerful in combating inflammation. However, they come with substantial risks; taken over time, these medicines can thin the stomach lining, resulting in stomach ulcers or a life-threatening gastrointestinal bleed. They can also damage the kidneys.

Long before these modern medicines, ancient Hawaiians recognized the healing properties of 'olena and used it not only for inflammation but also for ear infections, sinus conditions, liver health and weight management. The fresh root can sometimes be found at farmers markets and it is available in capsule form in health food stores.

Developing a healthy lifestyle and diet are the best tools for minimizing unnecessary inflammation. Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids are a good start. Fish, particularly salmon and tuna, are excellent sources, as are flax seed, evening primrose and borage. It is important to remember, though, that the bigger the tuna, the more mercury is likely to accumulate. Choose smaller tuna and limit consumption to two or three times per week. Omega-6 fatty acids, found in safflower, sunflower and corn oils, can stimulate unnecessary inflammation and should be avoided. Better choices are olive and canola oils.

Remember to move as much as you can: Enjoy the beach, walk, dance, swim, and practice breathing deeply and consciously. Eat slowly and wisely, be kind to yourself and others, laugh and feel the blessings of the 'aina.