Q. I've always heard that a child's character and personality are pretty well set by the time he/she is 5 or 6 years old, and that any dysfunctional behavior patterns the child still exhibits at that age are going to be almost impossible to change. Is that right?

A. Your question reminded me of the adage, "You can't teach an old dog new tricks."

That's actually not true. It's quite possible to teach an old dog, or in this case an older child, new "tricks," new behaviors.

In both cases, however, the older the dog or child, the more difficult it's going to be for either to unlearn old behavior patterns.

That's why I so frequently stress the importance of establishing functional disciplinary foundations by age 3.

The earlier those disciplinary understandings are in place, the better for child and parent. Conversely, the longer misbehavior is allowed, the more difficult it's going to be to correct.

Temperament and personality are interchangeable terms referring to general attributes like extroversion versus introversion. Most researchers feel that those qualities are inherent and relatively fixed, but keep in mind that humans adapt to new circumstances and contingencies more easily and successfully than any other macroscopic species.

For example, an introvert can learn to be more socially outgoing, but he will probably always say that he's fundamentally shy.

The bottom line is that neither personality nor behavior are fixed by age 5 or 6, but modifying the former will require cooperation on the part of the child as well as a good deal more of everyone's perseverance and patience.

Q. We are thinking of giving allowances to our boys, ages 7 and 4. My husband, however, believes we should make the 4-year-old wait until he is 7. I say give allowances to both of them, but give the younger child a smaller amount. What say you?

A. Allowances should not be a gift. They should represent independence and responsibility for the child in some fiscal area.

For example, a 4-year-old receives $3 a week with which to purchase his own playthings. From that point on, his parents only purchase playthings for him for his birthday and special holidays. If the issue is managed in that manner, the age of the child does not have to be an issue. Two children of different ages can be started on allowances of different amounts. Or, it can simply be understood that allowances kick in at a certain age.

Family psychologist John Rosemond answers parents' questions on his Web site at www.rosemond.com.